function zn_norm_path( $url ) { $p = wp_parse_url( html_entity_decode( trim( $url ) ) ); if ( ! $p ) return ''; $host = isset( $p['host'] ) ? strtolower( preg_replace( '/^www\./', '', $p['host'] ) ) : ''; if ( $host && $host !== 'zahidenotes.com' ) return ''; return '/' . trim( strtolower( isset( $p['path'] ) ? $p['path'] : '' ), '/' ); } function zn_tokens( $s ) { $s = preg_replace( '/_\d+$/', '', strtolower( $s ) ); $parts = preg_split( '/[^a-z0-9]+/', $s, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY ); $stop = array( 'the', 'of', 'to', 'for', 'and', 'a', 'an', 'in', 'on', 'pdf', 'download', 'free', 'by', 'with', 'is', 'your', 'at', 'all' ); $out = array(); foreach ( $parts as $w ) { if ( in_array( $w, $stop, true ) ) continue; if ( preg_match( '/^20[1-3]\d$/', $w ) ) continue; if ( strlen( $w ) > 3 && substr( $w, -1 ) === 's' ) $w = substr( $w, 0, -1 ); $out[ $w ] = true; } return array_keys( $out ); } function zn_score( $a, $b ) { if ( ! $a || ! $b ) return 0; $i = count( array_intersect( $a, $b ) ); if ( ! $i ) return 0; $u = count( array_unique( array_merge( $a, $b ) ) ); return 0.7 * ( $i / count( $a ) ) + 0.3 * ( $i / $u ); } /* 404 par: jo purana URL approve ho chuka hai usay naye page par 301 */ add_action( 'template_redirect', function () { if ( ! is_404() ) return; $path = '/' . trim( strtolower( (string) parse_url( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH ) ), '/' ); $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); if ( isset( $map[ $path ] ) && strpos( $map[ $path ], 'id:' ) === 0 ) { $l = get_permalink( (int) substr( $map[ $path ], 3 ) ); if ( $l ) { wp_redirect( $l, 301 ); exit; } } }, 0 ); add_action( 'admin_menu', function () { add_management_page( 'ZN Link Mapper', 'ZN Link Mapper', 'manage_options', 'zn-mapper', 'zn_mapper_page' ); } ); function zn_mapper_form( $act, $offset, $label, $auto = false, $extra = '' ) { echo '
'; wp_nonce_field( 'zn_map' ); echo '' . $extra; echo '
'; if ( $auto ) echo ''; } function zn_mapper_page() { if ( ! current_user_can( 'manage_options' ) ) return; echo '

ZN Link Mapper

'; if ( ! function_exists( 'zn_link_is_broken' ) || ! function_exists( 'zn_find_post_id' ) ) { echo '

Pehle ZN Fixer aur ZN Link Cleaner snippets active hone chahiye.

'; return; } global $wpdb; $act = isset( $_POST['act'] ) ? sanitize_key( $_POST['act'] ) : ''; $offset = isset( $_POST['offset'] ) ? absint( $_POST['offset'] ) : 0; if ( $act ) check_admin_referer( 'zn_map' ); $batch = 50; $busy = false; /* ---- 1) SCAN ---- */ if ( $act === 'scan' ) { $scan = $offset === 0 ? array() : get_option( 'zn_scan', array() ); $ids = $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT ID FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_type IN ('post','page') AND post_status IN ('publish','draft','private') ORDER BY ID ASC LIMIT %d OFFSET %d", $batch, $offset ) ); foreach ( $ids as $id ) { $c = $wpdb->get_var( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT post_content FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE ID=%d", $id ) ); if ( ! preg_match_all( '#]*?href=(["\'])(.*?)\1#is', $c, $mm ) ) continue; foreach ( $mm[2] as $u ) { if ( ! zn_link_is_broken( $u ) ) continue; $path = zn_norm_path( $u ); if ( ! $path || $path === '/' ) continue; $scan[ $path ] = isset( $scan[ $path ] ) ? $scan[ $path ] + 1 : 1; } } update_option( 'zn_scan', $scan, false ); $offset += count( $ids ); if ( count( $ids ) === $batch ) { $busy = true; echo '

Scan ho raha hai... ' . (int) $offset . ' items check hue. Tab band na karein.

'; zn_mapper_form( 'scan', $offset, 'Agla batch', true ); } else { echo '

Scan mukammal. ' . count( $scan ) . ' alag broken URLs mile. Neeche review karein.

'; } } /* ---- 2) SAVE ---- */ if ( $act === 'save' ) { $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); $paths = isset( $_POST['p'] ) ? (array) wp_unslash( $_POST['p'] ) : array(); $chs = isset( $_POST['m'] ) ? (array) wp_unslash( $_POST['m'] ) : array(); foreach ( $paths as $h => $path ) { $path = sanitize_text_field( $path ); $v = isset( $chs[ $h ] ) ? sanitize_text_field( $chs[ $h ] ) : 'skip'; if ( $v === 'remove' || preg_match( '/^id:\d+$/', $v ) ) $map[ $path ] = $v; else unset( $map[ $path ] ); } update_option( 'zn_map', $map, false ); echo '

Choices save ho gaye. Jo URL "naye page" par set hain unka purana link Google/visitors ke liye bhi ab naye page par redirect hoga.

'; } /* ---- 3) APPLY ---- */ if ( $act === 'apply' ) { $dry = ! empty( $_POST['dry'] ); $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); $ids = $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT ID FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_type IN ('post','page') AND post_status IN ('publish','draft','private') ORDER BY ID ASC LIMIT %d OFFSET %d", $batch, $offset ) ); $re = 0; $rm = 0; $posts = 0; foreach ( $ids as $id ) { $old = $wpdb->get_var( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT post_content FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE ID=%d", $id ) ); $new = preg_replace_callback( '#]*?href=(["\'])(.*?)\1[^>]*>(.*?)#is', function ( $m ) use ( $map, &$re, &$rm ) { $path = zn_norm_path( $m[2] ); if ( ! $path || ! isset( $map[ $path ] ) ) return $m[0]; $ch = $map[ $path ]; if ( $ch === 'remove' ) { $rm++; return $m[3]; } if ( strpos( $ch, 'id:' ) === 0 ) { $link = get_permalink( (int) substr( $ch, 3 ) ); if ( ! $link ) return $m[0]; $frag = ( ( $h = strpos( $m[2], '#' ) ) !== false ) ? substr( $m[2], $h ) : ''; $pos = strpos( $m[0], $m[2] ); $re++; return substr_replace( $m[0], $link . $frag, $pos, strlen( $m[2] ) ); } return $m[0]; }, $old ); if ( $new === null || $new === $old ) continue; $posts++; if ( ! $dry ) { if ( ! get_post_meta( $id, '_zn_backup_map', true ) ) add_post_meta( $id, '_zn_backup_map', wp_slash( $old ), true ); $wpdb->update( $wpdb->posts, array( 'post_content' => $new ), array( 'ID' => $id ) ); clean_post_cache( $id ); } } $offset += count( $ids ); echo '

' . ( $dry ? 'DRY RUN: ' : '' ) . (int) $offset . ' items check hue. Is batch mein ' . $posts . ' posts, ' . $re . ' links naye page par, ' . $rm . ' links hata diye' . ( $dry ? ' (kuch save nahi hua)' : '' ) . '.

'; if ( count( $ids ) === $batch ) { $busy = true; zn_mapper_form( 'apply', $offset, 'Agla batch', true, $dry ? '' : '' ); } else { echo '

Mukammal.

'; } } if ( $busy ) { echo ''; return; } /* ---- Buttons ---- */ echo '

Step 1:

'; zn_mapper_form( 'scan', 0, 'Scan karo (broken links dhoondo)' ); $scan = get_option( 'zn_scan', array() ); if ( ! $scan ) { echo ''; return; } arsort( $scan ); $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); /* ---- Review ---- */ $pool = array(); foreach ( $wpdb->get_results( "SELECT ID, post_title, post_name, post_type FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_status='publish' AND post_type IN ('post','page')" ) as $r ) { $pool[] = array( 'id' => (int) $r->ID, 'title' => $r->post_title, 'type' => $r->post_type, 'tok' => zn_tokens( $r->post_title . ' ' . $r->post_name ) ); } echo '

Step 2: Review

Har purane URL ke saamne sahi page chunein. "Abhi chhod do" ka matlab link jaisa hai waisa rahega. Jo URL kisi page se match nahi karte unhe "Link hata do" par rakhein.

'; echo '
'; wp_nonce_field( 'zn_map' ); echo ''; foreach ( $scan as $path => $n ) { $h = md5( $path ); $slug = basename( $path, '.html' ); $tok = zn_tokens( $slug ); $isP = strpos( $path, '/p/' ) === 0; $numbered = (bool) preg_match( '/_\d+\.html$/', $path ); $c = array(); foreach ( $pool as $p ) { $s = zn_score( $tok, $p['tok'] ); if ( $isP && $p['type'] === 'page' ) $s += 0.05; if ( $s > 0.15 ) $c[] = array( 's' => $s, 'p' => $p ); } usort( $c, function ( $a, $b ) { return $b['s'] <=> $a['s']; } ); $c = array_slice( $c, 0, 4 ); if ( isset( $map[ $path ] ) ) { $sel = $map[ $path ]; } elseif ( $c && ! $numbered && $c[0]['s'] >= 0.6 && ( ! isset( $c[1] ) || $c[0]['s'] - $c[1]['s'] >= 0.1 ) ) { $sel = 'id:' . $c[0]['p']['id']; } else { $sel = 'skip'; } echo ''; } echo '
Purana URLKitni baarKya karna hai
' . esc_html( $path ) . ( $numbered ? '
numbered slug: asli post andaze se nahi milega' : '' ) . '		' . (int) $n . '

'; echo '

Step 3: Articles mein lagao

Pehle Dry run, phir asli.

'; zn_mapper_form( 'apply', 0, 'Dry run (sirf check)', false, '' ); zn_mapper_form( 'apply', 0, 'Asli apply karo' ); echo ''; }

Louis Pasteur essay questions answers 2nd year

by
 Louis Pasteur is an essay written by By Margaret Avery, This essay is in BOOK II in the Intermediate part II English book. Here are the notes and a summary of this essay. Here are the short questions and essays notes for F.Sc Part II students.

Louis Pasteur Essay by Margaret Avery

You may want to read:

1. First Year at Harrow by Sir Winston S. Churchill

4. Mustafa Kamal by Wilfrid F. Castle

You can now see this Louis Pasteur 2nd year English Notes of questions answers. Download the notes in pdf here.

Louis Pasteur by Margaret Avery

Louis Pasteur Summary 

I have published a summary of Louis Pasteur in a separate post. Read the full summary here

Questions answers Notes

Q. 1: Who is the writer of the essay ‘Louis Pasteur”?
  Ans: Margaret Avery is the writer is the essay ‘Louis Pasteur’.

Q. 2: Describe the early life of Pasteur?
  Ans: Pasteur belonged to a humble family. He lived in a village from where he got an early education. Then he moved to the city and became a famous scientist in history.

Q. 3: Give some instances of Pasteur?
  Ans: Pasteur was a great patriot. He offered himself to serve in the army. He worked for France in the field for science. He saved the wine and silk industry of France. Once. He donated all his savings t the welfare of France.

Q. 4: What do you mean by ‘spontaneous generation’?
  Ans: Spontaneous generation means that things change without external influence.

Q. 5: How did Pasteur prove that spontaneous generation was not a fact?
  Ans: Pasteur proved that things change because of bacteria. Things do not change without external influence.

Q. 6: What help did Pasteur render in curing the “silkworm” disease in his country?
  Ans: Pasteur advised the rearers of silkworms to avoid over-crowding‟ over-heating and unhealthy conditions because these things weakened them to get the disease.

Q. 7: How did Pasteur discover the treatment of the cattle disease, Anthrax?
  Ans: Pasteur cultivated the germs in such a way that they were weakened. When these germs were inoculated into the healthy animals, they produced a mild type of illness. This protects them from different diseases.

Q. 8: Who did Pasteur discover the method of making vaccines?
  Ans: Pasteur cultivated the germ in such a way that they were weakened. When these germs were inoculated into the healthy animals, they produced a mild type of illness. This protects them from different diseases.

Q. 9: Give an account of Pasteur’s treatment of hydrophobia?
  Ans: The first human disease for which Pasteur used inoculation was hydrophobia or Rabies. It was a horrible disease caused by the bite of a “Mad” dog.

 Q. 10: How did Pasteur show the way to other scientists?
  Ans: Pasteur abolished superstitions about diseases. Diseases and death were mysterious things. He found out their causes and brought them to the world of facts.

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