function zn_norm_path( $url ) { $p = wp_parse_url( html_entity_decode( trim( $url ) ) ); if ( ! $p ) return ''; $host = isset( $p['host'] ) ? strtolower( preg_replace( '/^www\./', '', $p['host'] ) ) : ''; if ( $host && $host !== 'zahidenotes.com' ) return ''; return '/' . trim( strtolower( isset( $p['path'] ) ? $p['path'] : '' ), '/' ); } function zn_tokens( $s ) { $s = preg_replace( '/_\d+$/', '', strtolower( $s ) ); $parts = preg_split( '/[^a-z0-9]+/', $s, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY ); $stop = array( 'the', 'of', 'to', 'for', 'and', 'a', 'an', 'in', 'on', 'pdf', 'download', 'free', 'by', 'with', 'is', 'your', 'at', 'all' ); $out = array(); foreach ( $parts as $w ) { if ( in_array( $w, $stop, true ) ) continue; if ( preg_match( '/^20[1-3]\d$/', $w ) ) continue; if ( strlen( $w ) > 3 && substr( $w, -1 ) === 's' ) $w = substr( $w, 0, -1 ); $out[ $w ] = true; } return array_keys( $out ); } function zn_score( $a, $b ) { if ( ! $a || ! $b ) return 0; $i = count( array_intersect( $a, $b ) ); if ( ! $i ) return 0; $u = count( array_unique( array_merge( $a, $b ) ) ); return 0.7 * ( $i / count( $a ) ) + 0.3 * ( $i / $u ); } /* 404 par: jo purana URL approve ho chuka hai usay naye page par 301 */ add_action( 'template_redirect', function () { if ( ! is_404() ) return; $path = '/' . trim( strtolower( (string) parse_url( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH ) ), '/' ); $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); if ( isset( $map[ $path ] ) && strpos( $map[ $path ], 'id:' ) === 0 ) { $l = get_permalink( (int) substr( $map[ $path ], 3 ) ); if ( $l ) { wp_redirect( $l, 301 ); exit; } } }, 0 ); add_action( 'admin_menu', function () { add_management_page( 'ZN Link Mapper', 'ZN Link Mapper', 'manage_options', 'zn-mapper', 'zn_mapper_page' ); } ); function zn_mapper_form( $act, $offset, $label, $auto = false, $extra = '' ) { echo '
'; wp_nonce_field( 'zn_map' ); echo '' . $extra; echo '
'; if ( $auto ) echo ''; } function zn_mapper_page() { if ( ! current_user_can( 'manage_options' ) ) return; echo '

ZN Link Mapper

'; if ( ! function_exists( 'zn_link_is_broken' ) || ! function_exists( 'zn_find_post_id' ) ) { echo '

Pehle ZN Fixer aur ZN Link Cleaner snippets active hone chahiye.

'; return; } global $wpdb; $act = isset( $_POST['act'] ) ? sanitize_key( $_POST['act'] ) : ''; $offset = isset( $_POST['offset'] ) ? absint( $_POST['offset'] ) : 0; if ( $act ) check_admin_referer( 'zn_map' ); $batch = 50; $busy = false; /* ---- 1) SCAN ---- */ if ( $act === 'scan' ) { $scan = $offset === 0 ? array() : get_option( 'zn_scan', array() ); $ids = $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT ID FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_type IN ('post','page') AND post_status IN ('publish','draft','private') ORDER BY ID ASC LIMIT %d OFFSET %d", $batch, $offset ) ); foreach ( $ids as $id ) { $c = $wpdb->get_var( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT post_content FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE ID=%d", $id ) ); if ( ! preg_match_all( '#]*?href=(["\'])(.*?)\1#is', $c, $mm ) ) continue; foreach ( $mm[2] as $u ) { if ( ! zn_link_is_broken( $u ) ) continue; $path = zn_norm_path( $u ); if ( ! $path || $path === '/' ) continue; $scan[ $path ] = isset( $scan[ $path ] ) ? $scan[ $path ] + 1 : 1; } } update_option( 'zn_scan', $scan, false ); $offset += count( $ids ); if ( count( $ids ) === $batch ) { $busy = true; echo '

Scan ho raha hai... ' . (int) $offset . ' items check hue. Tab band na karein.

'; zn_mapper_form( 'scan', $offset, 'Agla batch', true ); } else { echo '

Scan mukammal. ' . count( $scan ) . ' alag broken URLs mile. Neeche review karein.

'; } } /* ---- 2) SAVE ---- */ if ( $act === 'save' ) { $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); $paths = isset( $_POST['p'] ) ? (array) wp_unslash( $_POST['p'] ) : array(); $chs = isset( $_POST['m'] ) ? (array) wp_unslash( $_POST['m'] ) : array(); foreach ( $paths as $h => $path ) { $path = sanitize_text_field( $path ); $v = isset( $chs[ $h ] ) ? sanitize_text_field( $chs[ $h ] ) : 'skip'; if ( $v === 'remove' || preg_match( '/^id:\d+$/', $v ) ) $map[ $path ] = $v; else unset( $map[ $path ] ); } update_option( 'zn_map', $map, false ); echo '

Choices save ho gaye. Jo URL "naye page" par set hain unka purana link Google/visitors ke liye bhi ab naye page par redirect hoga.

'; } /* ---- 3) APPLY ---- */ if ( $act === 'apply' ) { $dry = ! empty( $_POST['dry'] ); $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); $ids = $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT ID FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_type IN ('post','page') AND post_status IN ('publish','draft','private') ORDER BY ID ASC LIMIT %d OFFSET %d", $batch, $offset ) ); $re = 0; $rm = 0; $posts = 0; foreach ( $ids as $id ) { $old = $wpdb->get_var( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT post_content FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE ID=%d", $id ) ); $new = preg_replace_callback( '#]*?href=(["\'])(.*?)\1[^>]*>(.*?)#is', function ( $m ) use ( $map, &$re, &$rm ) { $path = zn_norm_path( $m[2] ); if ( ! $path || ! isset( $map[ $path ] ) ) return $m[0]; $ch = $map[ $path ]; if ( $ch === 'remove' ) { $rm++; return $m[3]; } if ( strpos( $ch, 'id:' ) === 0 ) { $link = get_permalink( (int) substr( $ch, 3 ) ); if ( ! $link ) return $m[0]; $frag = ( ( $h = strpos( $m[2], '#' ) ) !== false ) ? substr( $m[2], $h ) : ''; $pos = strpos( $m[0], $m[2] ); $re++; return substr_replace( $m[0], $link . $frag, $pos, strlen( $m[2] ) ); } return $m[0]; }, $old ); if ( $new === null || $new === $old ) continue; $posts++; if ( ! $dry ) { if ( ! get_post_meta( $id, '_zn_backup_map', true ) ) add_post_meta( $id, '_zn_backup_map', wp_slash( $old ), true ); $wpdb->update( $wpdb->posts, array( 'post_content' => $new ), array( 'ID' => $id ) ); clean_post_cache( $id ); } } $offset += count( $ids ); echo '

' . ( $dry ? 'DRY RUN: ' : '' ) . (int) $offset . ' items check hue. Is batch mein ' . $posts . ' posts, ' . $re . ' links naye page par, ' . $rm . ' links hata diye' . ( $dry ? ' (kuch save nahi hua)' : '' ) . '.

'; if ( count( $ids ) === $batch ) { $busy = true; zn_mapper_form( 'apply', $offset, 'Agla batch', true, $dry ? '' : '' ); } else { echo '

Mukammal.

'; } } if ( $busy ) { echo ''; return; } /* ---- Buttons ---- */ echo '

Step 1:

'; zn_mapper_form( 'scan', 0, 'Scan karo (broken links dhoondo)' ); $scan = get_option( 'zn_scan', array() ); if ( ! $scan ) { echo ''; return; } arsort( $scan ); $map = get_option( 'zn_map', array() ); /* ---- Review ---- */ $pool = array(); foreach ( $wpdb->get_results( "SELECT ID, post_title, post_name, post_type FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE post_status='publish' AND post_type IN ('post','page')" ) as $r ) { $pool[] = array( 'id' => (int) $r->ID, 'title' => $r->post_title, 'type' => $r->post_type, 'tok' => zn_tokens( $r->post_title . ' ' . $r->post_name ) ); } echo '

Step 2: Review

Har purane URL ke saamne sahi page chunein. "Abhi chhod do" ka matlab link jaisa hai waisa rahega. Jo URL kisi page se match nahi karte unhe "Link hata do" par rakhein.

'; echo '
'; wp_nonce_field( 'zn_map' ); echo ''; foreach ( $scan as $path => $n ) { $h = md5( $path ); $slug = basename( $path, '.html' ); $tok = zn_tokens( $slug ); $isP = strpos( $path, '/p/' ) === 0; $numbered = (bool) preg_match( '/_\d+\.html$/', $path ); $c = array(); foreach ( $pool as $p ) { $s = zn_score( $tok, $p['tok'] ); if ( $isP && $p['type'] === 'page' ) $s += 0.05; if ( $s > 0.15 ) $c[] = array( 's' => $s, 'p' => $p ); } usort( $c, function ( $a, $b ) { return $b['s'] <=> $a['s']; } ); $c = array_slice( $c, 0, 4 ); if ( isset( $map[ $path ] ) ) { $sel = $map[ $path ]; } elseif ( $c && ! $numbered && $c[0]['s'] >= 0.6 && ( ! isset( $c[1] ) || $c[0]['s'] - $c[1]['s'] >= 0.1 ) ) { $sel = 'id:' . $c[0]['p']['id']; } else { $sel = 'skip'; } echo ''; } echo '
Purana URLKitni baarKya karna hai
' . esc_html( $path ) . ( $numbered ? '
numbered slug: asli post andaze se nahi milega' : '' ) . '		' . (int) $n . '

'; echo '

Step 3: Articles mein lagao

Pehle Dry run, phir asli.

'; zn_mapper_form( 'apply', 0, 'Dry run (sirf check)', false, '' ); zn_mapper_form( 'apply', 0, 'Asli apply karo' ); echo ''; }

2nd year Economics important questions 2026

by
Here are important long qustions guess paper economics 2026. In this post, I am giving guess paper of economics for 2nd year students for annual examination 2026. 
This is Urdu medium guess for Lahore board, Gujranwala board, Multan board and all Punjab boards.

Also See the following:

2nd year economics important questions

The following questions are important in exams point of view:

  • براہ راست تبادلہ کے نظام کی مشکلات بیان کریں
  • ایک تجارتی بینک کے فرائض بیان کریں
  • عمدہ زر کے اصاف بیان کریں
  • قومی آمدنی کی تعریف کریں۔ قومی آمدنی کی پیمائش کے کسی ایک طریقے کی وضاحت کریں۔
  • قومی آمدنی سے کیا مراد ہے۔ اس کے مختلف تصورات کی وضا حت کریں
  • مرکزی بینک کی تعریف کریں، نیز مرکزی بینک کے فرائض تفصیل سے بیان کریں
  • سرکاری اور نجی مالیات میں فرق بیان کریں
  • اچھے نظامِ ٹیکس کے اصول بیان کریں
  • بین الاقوامی تجارت کے فائدے اور نقصانات لکھیں
  • پاکسان میں افرادی قوت کے مسائل بیان کریں
  • ٹیکس سے کیا مراد ہے؟ ٹیکس عائد کرنے کے اصول بیان کریں
  • پاکستان میں فی کس آمدنی میں کمی کی وجوہات بیان کریں
  • براہِ راست اور بالواسطہ ٹیکس کی خوبیاں اور خامیاں بیان کریں
  • معاشی ترقی کی پیمائش کے طریقے بیان کریں
  • پاکستان میں معیارِ زندگی پست ہونے کی وجوہات بیان کریں
  • پاکستان کی تجارتِ خارجہ کی خصوصیات بیان کریں
  • اسلام کے معاشی نظام کی خصوصیات بیان کریں
  • پاکستان میں زرعی اور صنعتی شعبے کے مسائل تفصیل سے بیان کریں۔ نیز ان کو کیسے دور کیا جا سکتا ہے؟
  • زر کی قدر سے کیا مراد ہے؟ نظریہ مقدارِ زر کی تعریف کریں اور تنقیدی جائزہ لیں
  • زر کے فرائض / خصوصیات بیان کریں

2nd year Economics guess paper 2026

2nd year Enonomics important long questions

2nd year Economics Important Questions English medium

1. State the difficulties of the direct exchange system
2. State the duties of a commercial bank.
3. Describe the characteristics of good money.
4. Define national income. Explain any one method of measuring national income.
5. What is meant by national income? Explain its different concepts.
6. Define central bank, and explain in detail the functions of central bank.
7. Explain the difference between public and private finance.
8. State the principles of a good tax system.
9. Write the advantages and disadvantages of international trade.
10. Describe the manpower problems in Pakistan.
11. What is meant by tax? Explain the principles of taxation.
12. Explain the reasons for the decline in per capita income in Pakistan.
13. State the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect taxation.
14. Describe methods of measuring economic growth.
15. Explain the reasons for the low standard of living in Pakistan.
16.  Describe the characteristics of Pakistan’s foreign trade.
17. Describe the characteristics of the Islamic economic system.
18.  Explain in detail the problems of the agricultural and industrial sectors in Pakistan. Also how can they be removed?
19. What is meant by the value of money? 
20. Define and critically evaluate the quantity theory of money.
21. Describe the functions/characteristics of money
Class 12 economics guess paper for all important short questions and long questions is still given in another post on Zahid Notes.
More guess papers of 2nd year

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