AJK Board 1st Year Economics Notes Urdu All Chapters Full Question Answers

This post gives ajk board 1st year economics notes urdu in simple Roman Urdu for revision. These are original study and revision notes only. They are NOT official AJK Board notes, NOT

the textbook, NOT leaked material, and NOT a guarantee of marks or questions. Always check your textbook, syllabus and teacher for the final course.

Har chapter mein tafseel, ahem points, short questions, long questions aur MCQs diye gaye hain.

Bab 1: Muashiyat ki Nauiyat aur Wusat

Tafseel: Muashiyat (economics) woh ilm hai jo insani zarooriyat, mehdood wasail (limited resources) aur un ke behtareen istemal ka mutala karta hai. Har shakhs, khandan, firm aur hukumat ko rozana chunao (choice) karna parta hai, kyunke zarooriyat la-mehdood hain aur wasail mehdood hain. Isi chunao, qeemat, paidawar, taqseem aur istemal ke mutalay ko muashiyat kehte hain. Muashiyat ki do bari shakhein hain: microeconomics, jo fard, khandan aur firm ke faislon ka mutala karti hai, aur macroeconomics, jo poori muashiyat, qaumi aamdani, rozgar aur qeematon ki satah ka mutala karti hai. Ahem points: scarcity bunyadi masla hai; choice aur opportunity cost har faisle ka hissa hain; wasail zameen, mehnat, sarmaya aur intezam hain; muashiyat ka maqsad wasail ka behtareen aur munsifana istemal samajhna hai. Short questions: 1. Muashiyat kya hai? Jawab: Muashiyat woh ilm hai jo mehdood wasail se la-mehdood zarooriyat poori karne ke chunao, paidawar, taqseem aur istemal ka mutala karta hai, taake wasail zaya na hon aur logon ki falaah barhe. 2. Scarcity kya hai? Jawab: Scarcity ka matlab hai ke wasail zarooriyat ke muqable mein kam hain, is liye har cheez muft ya aik waqt mein haasil nahi ho sakti aur chunao lazmi ho jata hai. 3. Opportunity cost kya hai? Jawab: Opportunity cost woh faida hai jo doosri behtareen choice ko chhorne par qurban karna parta hai, masalan waqt parhne mein lagayein to khel ka waqt qurban hota hai. 4. Micro aur macroeconomics mein farq kya hai? Jawab: Microeconomics aik fard ya firm par tawajjo deti hai, jabke macroeconomics poori muashiyat, qaumi aamdani, berozgari aur mehngai jaise bari masail par tawajjo deti hai. 5. Muashiyat parhna kyun zaroori hai? Jawab: Muashiyat parhne se shakhs behtar kharch, bachat, karobar aur hukumat ke faislon ko samajhta hai, aur wasail ka aqalmand istemal seekhta hai.

Long questions: 1. Muashiyat ke bunyadi masail ki tafseel karein. Jawab: Har muashiyat ko teen bunyadi sawalon ka jawab dena hota hai. Pehla, kya paida karein: kis cheez ki paidawar ki jaye, kyunke wasail har cheez ke liye kafi nahi. Doosra, kaise paida karein: mehnat zyada istemal karein ya machine, taake laagat kam ho aur paidawar behtar ho. Teesra, kis ke liye paida karein: paidawar kaise taqseem ho, taake har tabqe ko munasib hissa mile. In teenon faislon mein chunao, laagat aur insaf ka khayal rakhna zaroori hai, warna aik cheez ki kami doosri cheez ki zyadti se poori nahi ho sakti. 2. Muashiyat ki wusat aur ahmiyat bayan karein. Jawab: Muashiyat sirf paisa ya karobar tak mehdood nahi, balke ghar, firm, hukumat, tijarat, bank, rozgar aur taraqqi sab ko samajhti hai. Is se hum samajhte hain ke qeematein kyun barhti hain, berozgari kyun hoti hai, bachat aur sarmayakari kyun zaroori hai, aur hukumat ke faisle awam par kya asar dalte hain. Is liye muashiyat aik amal zindagi ka ilm hai jo rozmarra ke faislon mein rehnumai karta hai. MCQs: 1. Muashiyat ka bunyadi masla hai: (a) zyada paisa (b) mehdood wasail aur la-mehdood zarooriyat (c) sirf tijarat (d) sirf bank. 2. Opportunity cost ka matlab hai: (a) muft cheez (b) chhori gayi behtareen choice ka faida (c) qeemat (d) munafa. 3. Microeconomics mutala karti hai: (a) poori muashiyat (b) fard aur firm (c) sirf hukumat (d) sirf duniya. 4. Wasail mein shamil nahi hai: (a) zameen (b) mehnat (c) khwahish (d) sarmaya. 5. Chunao lazmi hai kyunke: (a) sab kuch muft hai (b) wasail mehdood hain (c) log sust hain (d) qeematein nahi hain. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-c, 5-b.

Bab 2: Roye Sarf ka Tajzia

Tafseel: Sarf (consumer) woh shakhs hai jo apni zarooriyat poori karne ke liye cheezein aur khidmat khareedta hai. Roye sarf ka tajzia yeh samajhta hai ke sarf apni mehdood aamdani ko mukhtalif cheezon par kaise taqseem kare taake use sab se zyada faida ya itminan (utility) mile. Har cheez ki pehli unit se zyada itminan milta hai, aur agli units se itminan kam hota jata hai, ise diminishing marginal utility kehte hain. Sarf is usool par faisla karta hai ke har rupay se barabar faida mile, warna woh kharch kisi aur cheez par muntaqil kar dega. Ahem points: utility itminan hai; total utility kul faida hai; marginal utility aik izafi unit ka faida hai; sarf ka tawazun (equilibrium) wahan hota hai jahan har rupay ka marginal utility barabar ho; qeemat, aamdani aur pasand faislon par asar dalte hain. Short questions: 1. Sarf kaun hai? Jawab: Sarf woh shakhs hai jo apni zarooriyat poori karne ke liye aamdani kharch karke cheezein aur khidmat haasil karta hai, aur apne faislon se apna faida barhane ki koshish karta hai. 2. Utility kya hai? Jawab: Utility kisi cheez se milne wala itminan ya faida hai jo sarf ko mehsoos hota hai, aur yeh har shakhs ke liye mukhtalif ho sakta hai. 3. Marginal utility kya hai? Jawab: Marginal utility aik izafi unit ke istemal se milne wala izafi itminan hai, masalan teesri roti se milne wala faida doosri roti se kam ho sakta hai. 4. Diminishing marginal utility ka qanoon kya hai? Jawab: Jab aik cheez ki units barabar barhti jayein aur doosri cheezein wohi rahein, to har agli unit se milne wala izafi itminan kam hota jata hai. 5. Sarf ka tawazun kab hota hai? Jawab: Jab sarf apni aamdani is tarah taqseem kare ke har cheez par kharch kiye gaye aakhri rupay ka faida barabar ho, to use mazeed tabdeeli se faida nahi hota. Long questions: 1. Diminishing marginal utility ki tafseel aur misalon se wazahat karein. Jawab: Pehli unit se bhook ya zaroorat zyada poori hoti hai, is liye itminan zyada hota hai. Doosri aur teesri unit se zaroorat kam hoti jati hai, is liye izafi faida ghatta hai, aur aik had ke baad faida manfi bhi ho sakta hai, masalan zyada khana tabiyat kharab kar sakta hai. Is qanoon ki wajah se sarf aik hi cheez par sari aamdani kharch nahi karta, balke mukhtalif cheezon mein taqseem karta hai, taake har cheez se munasib faida mile. 2. Sarf apni aamdani ka behtareen istemal kaise kare? Jawab: Pehle zaroori cheezon ko tarjeeh de, phir qeemat aur faide ka mawazna kare, aur har rupay se barabar faida hasil kare. Agar aik cheez mehngi ho jaye ya us ka faida kam ho, to sarf us par kharch kam karke doosri faidamand cheez par kharch barhaye. Is tarah budget, qeemat aur pasand ke mutabiq tawazun qaim hota hai. MCQs: 1. Utility ka matlab hai: (a) qeemat (b) itminan ya faida (c) munafa (d) laagat. 2. Marginal utility hai: (a) kul faida (b) aik izafi unit ka faida (c) qeemat (d) aamdani. 3. Diminishing marginal utility mein agli unit ka faida: (a) barhta hai (b) kam hota hai (c) wohi rehta hai (d) khatam nahi hota. 4. Sarf ka tawazun hota hai jab: (a) sari aamdani kharch ho (b) har rupay ka faida barabar ho (c) qeemat zyada ho (d) aamdani kam ho. 5. Sarf ka faisla zyada mutasir hota hai: (a) sirf qeemat se (b) qeemat, aamdani aur pasand se (c) sirf ishtehar se (d) sirf doston se. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 3: Muashiyat mein Zair Istemal Shumariyat aur Riyazi ke Bunyadi Alatkar

Tafseel: Muashiyat mein shumariyat (statistics) aur riyazi (mathematics) se data ko samajhna, pesh karna aur natija nikalna asan ho jata hai. Shumariyat data jama karne, tartib dene aur ausat nikalne ka tareeqa hai, jabke riyazi masawat, graph aur nisbat se taluqat ko saaf dikhati hai. Masalan ausat aamdani, qeemat mein izafa ki sharah, ya talab ka graph – yeh sab shumariyat aur riyazi ke alatkar se samajh aate hain. Ahem points: data aik maloomat hai; ausat (mean) kul miqdar ko tadad se taqseem karke milta hai; percentage hissa batata hai; graph data ko tasweer mein dikhata hai; table data ko safon aur sutunon mein tartib deta hai. Short questions: 1. Shumariyat kya hai? Jawab: Shumariyat woh ilm hai jo data jama karne, tartib dene, pesh karne aur us se natija nikalne ke tareeqe batata hai. 2. Ausat kaise nikala jata hai? Jawab: Tamam qeemton ka jama karke use qeemton ki tadad se taqseem kar diya jata hai, masalan 10, 20 aur 30 ka ausat 20 hai. 3. Percentage kya batata hai? Jawab: Percentage aik hissa ko 100 mein se batata hai, masalan 50 mein se 25 ka matlab 50 percent hai. 4. Graph kyun mufeed hai? Jawab: Graph data ke utar charhao ko aik nazar mein samajhne mein madad karta hai, jaise qeemat barhne par talab ka kam hona. 5. Table kya hai? Jawab: Table data ko safon aur sutunon mein tartib de kar pesh karne ka tareeqa hai taake mawazna asan ho. Long questions: 1. Muashiyat mein shumariyat ki ahmiyat bayan karein. Jawab: Hukumat, karobar aur sarf ko faislon ke liye data chahiye hota hai. Shumariyat se maloom hota hai ke qeematein kitni barhi hain, berozgari kitni hai, aur kis cheez ki talab zyada hai. Baghair data ke faisle andaze par hote hain, jabke data se faisle mazboot aur durust hote hain, aur ghalti ka imkan kam ho jata hai. 2. Riyazi ke bunyadi alatkar muashiyat mein kaise madad karte hain? Jawab: Riyazi se hum nisbat, percentage, ausat aur graph ka istemal karte hain. Masalan agar aik cheez ki qeemat 100 se 120 ho jaye to izafa 20 percent hai. Graph se talab aur rasd ka taluq saaf nazar aata hai, aur masawat se tawazun ki qeemat maloom ki ja sakti hai. Is liye riyazi muashiyat ki zuban ban jati hai. MCQs: 1. Shumariyat ka kaam hai: (a) sirf ginti (b) data jama, tartib aur tajzia (c) sirf graph (d) sirf paisa. 2. 10, 20, 30 ka ausat hai: (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 60. 3. 50 mein se 25 kitne percent hai: (a) 25 (b) 50 (c) 75 (d) 100. 4. Graph mufeed hai kyunke: (a) rangin hota hai (b) data aik nazar mein samajh aata hai (c) lamba hota hai (d) mushkil hota hai. 5. Table mein data hota hai: (a) be-tartib (b) safon aur sutunon mein (c) sirf lafzon mein (d) chhupa hua. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 4: Talab

Tafseel: Talab (demand) ka matlab hai ke sarf aik muqarrar waqt mein, aik muqarrar qeemat par, jitni cheez khareedne ko tayyar aur qabil ho. Sirf khwahish talab nahi, us ke saath khareedne ki taqat bhi zaroori hai. Aam tor par qeemat barhne par talab kam hoti hai aur qeemat kam hone par talab barhti hai, ise talab ka qanoon kehte hain. Talab par qeemat ke ilawa aamdani, pasand, mutabadil cheezon ki qeemat, aabadi aur mustaqbil ki tawaqqa bhi asar dalti hai. Ahem points: talab ki miqdar qeemat par munhasir hoti hai; talab ka curve neeche ki taraf jhukta hai; qeemat ki tabdeeli se talab ki miqdar badalti hai; doosre awamil ki tabdeeli se poora talab ka curve hilta hai. Short questions: 1. Talab kya hai? Jawab: Talab woh miqdar hai jo sarf aik muqarrar waqt aur qeemat par khareedne ko tayyar aur qabil ho, sirf khwahish talab nahi kehlaati. 2. Talab ka qanoon kya hai? Jawab: Doosri cheezein wohi rahein to qeemat barhne par talab kam hoti hai aur qeemat kam hone par talab barhti hai. 3. Talab par aamdani ka kya asar hota hai? Jawab: Aam cheezon ke liye aamdani barhne par talab barhti hai, jabke ghatiya cheezon ke liye aamdani barhne par talab kam ho sakti hai. 4. Mutabadil cheez kya hai? Jawab: Mutabadil cheez woh hai jo doosri cheez ki jagah istemal ho sake, masalan chai ki qeemat barhe to coffee ki talab barh sakti hai. 5. Talab ka curve kyun neeche jhukta hai? Jawab: Kyunke qeemat kam hone par zyada log khareed sakte hain aur pehle se khareedne wale zyada miqdar le sakte hain. Long questions: 1. Talab ke qanoon ki tafseel aur us ki wajahat karein. Jawab: Qeemat aur talab mein ulta taluq hota hai. Qeemat kam hone par cheez sasti lagti hai, naye khareedne wale market mein aate hain, aur purane khareedne wale zyada lete hain. Is ke ilawa qeemat kam hone par sarf ki asal khareedne ki taqat barh jati hai, aur woh mutabadil cheez chhor kar is cheez ki taraf aata hai. Is liye talab ka curve neeche ki taraf jhukta hua hota hai. 2. Talab mein tabdeeli aur talab ki miqdar mein tabdeeli ka farq bayan karein. Jawab: Qeemat ki tabdeeli se sirf talab ki miqdar badalti hai, yani hum wohi curve par upar ya neeche jate hain. Jab aamdani, pasand ya mutabadil cheez ki qeemat badle to poora talab ka curve daayein ya baayein hilta hai, ise talab mein tabdeeli kehte hain. Dono mein farq samajhna imtihan ke liye bohat ahem hai. MCQs: 1. Talab ke liye zaroori hai: (a) sirf khwahish (b) khwahish aur khareedne ki taqat (c) sirf paisa (d) sirf ishtehar. 2. Qeemat barhne par talab aam tor par: (a) barhti hai (b) kam hoti hai (c) wohi rehti hai (d) khatam ho jati hai. 3. Talab ka curve hota hai: (a) upar ki taraf (b) neeche ki taraf jhukta hua (c) seedha (d) gol. 4. Aamdani barhne par aam cheez ki talab: (a) kam hoti hai (b) barhti hai (c) nahi badalti (d) manfi ho jati hai. 5. Chai mehngi ho to coffee ki talab: (a) kam hogi (b) barhegi (c) wohi rahegi (d) khatam hogi. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 5: Rasd

Tafseel: Rasd (supply) ka matlab hai ke paida karne wale ya bechne wale aik muqarrar waqt mein, aik muqarrar qeemat par, jitni cheez market mein dene ko tayyar hon. Aam tor par qeemat barhne par rasd barhti hai, kyunke zyada munafa ki umeed hoti hai, aur qeemat kam hone par rasd kam hoti hai, ise rasd ka qanoon kehte hain. Rasd par paidawar ki laagat, technology, hukumat ki policy, mausam aur paida karne walon ki tadad bhi asar dalti hai. Ahem points: rasd ki miqdar qeemat par munhasir hoti hai; rasd ka curve upar ki taraf jhukta hai; qeemat ki tabdeeli se rasd ki miqdar badalti hai; doosre awamil ki tabdeeli se poora rasd ka curve hilta hai. Short questions: 1. Rasd kya hai? Jawab: Rasd woh miqdar hai jo bechne wale aik muqarrar waqt aur qeemat par market mein dene ko tayyar hon. 2. Rasd ka qanoon kya hai? Jawab: Doosri cheezein wohi rahein to qeemat barhne par rasd barhti hai aur qeemat kam hone par rasd kam hoti hai. 3. Laagat barhne par rasd par kya asar hota hai? Jawab: Laagat barhne se munafa kam hota hai, is liye bechne wale kam miqdar denge aur rasd kam ho jayegi. 4. Technology behtar hone se rasd kyun barhti hai? Jawab: Behtar technology se paidawar sasti aur tez hoti hai, is liye wohi qeemat par zyada cheez market mein aati hai. 5. Rasd ka curve kyun upar jhukta hai? Jawab: Kyunke zyada qeemat par zyada paida karne wale market mein aate hain aur purane zyada paidawar karte hain. Long questions: 1. Rasd ke qanoon ki tafseel karein. Jawab: Qeemat aur rasd mein seedha taluq hota hai. Qeemat barhne par munafa barhta hai, is liye firm zyada paidawar karti hai, nayi firms market mein aati hain, aur stock market mein laya jata hai. Qeemat kam hone par munafa kam hota hai, is liye paidawar kam ki jati hai. Is wajah se rasd ka curve neeche se upar ki taraf jata hai. 2. Rasd mein tabdeeli aur rasd ki miqdar mein tabdeeli ka farq bayan karein. Jawab: Qeemat ki tabdeeli se sirf rasd ki miqdar badalti hai, hum wohi curve par upar ya neeche jate hain. Jab laagat, technology ya policy badle to poora rasd ka curve daayein ya baayein hilta hai, ise rasd mein tabdeeli kehte hain. Is farq ko samajhna talab aur rasd ke sawalon mein bohat madadgar hai. MCQs: 1. Rasd ka matlab hai: (a) khwahish (b) market mein dene ko tayyar miqdar (c) stock (d) talab. 2. Qeemat barhne par rasd aam tor par: (a) kam hoti hai (b) barhti hai (c) wohi rehti hai (d) khatam hoti hai. 3. Rasd ka curve hota hai: (a) neeche jhukta hua (b) upar ki taraf (c) seedha (d) gol. 4. Laagat barhne par rasd: (a) barhti hai (b) kam hoti hai (c) nahi badalti (d) dogni hoti hai. 5. Behtar technology se rasd: (a) kam hoti hai (b) barhti hai (c) wohi rehti hai (d) band ho jati hai. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 6: Market aur Qeemat ka Tayyun

Tafseel: Market woh jagah ya nizam hai jahan khareedne wale aur bechne wale mil kar cheezon ki khareed o farokht karte hain, chahe woh dukan ho ya online market. Qeemat ka tayyun talab aur rasd ke milne se hota hai: jis qeemat par talab ki miqdar rasd ki miqdar ke barabar ho jaye, use tawazun ki qeemat (equilibrium price) kehte hain. Agar qeemat zyada ho to rasd talab se zyada ho jati hai aur izafi stock reh jata hai, is liye qeemat neeche aati hai. Agar qeemat kam ho to talab rasd se zyada ho jati hai aur kami ho jati hai, is liye qeemat upar jati hai. Ahem points: market mein muqabla qeemat ko mutasir karta hai; tawazun par na kami hoti hai na izafi; talab barhne se qeemat barhti hai; rasd barhne se qeemat kam hoti hai. Short questions: 1. Market kya hai? Jawab: Market woh nizam ya jagah hai jahan khareedne wale aur bechne wale cheezon aur khidmat ki khareed o farokht karte hain. 2. Tawazun ki qeemat kya hai? Jawab: Woh qeemat jis par talab ki miqdar rasd ki miqdar ke barabar ho jaye, aur na kami ho na izafi stock. 3. Qeemat zyada hone par kya hota hai? Jawab: Rasd talab se zyada ho jati hai, stock reh jata hai, is liye bechne wale qeemat kam karte hain. 4. Qeemat kam hone par kya hota hai? Jawab: Talab rasd se zyada ho jati hai, cheez ki kami ho jati hai, is liye qeemat upar jane lagti hai. 5. Talab barhne se qeemat par kya asar hota hai? Jawab: Agar rasd wohi rahe to talab barhne se tawazun ki qeemat barh jati hai. Long questions: 1. Market mein qeemat ka tayyun kaise hota hai, tafseel se bayan karein. Jawab: Khareedne wale kam qeemat par zyada lena chahte hain aur bechne wale zyada qeemat par zyada dena chahte hain. Dono curves jahan milte hain, wahan tawazun banta hai. Is qeemat par khareedne wale jitna lena chahte hain, bechne wale utna dena chahte hain, is liye market mein sukoon aa jata hai. Agar qeemat is se hat jaye to kami ya izafi use wapas tawazun ki taraf le aata hai. 2. Talab ya rasd mein tabdeeli se tawazun ki qeemat kaise badalti hai? Jawab: Talab barhne se qeemat aur miqdar dono barhte hain, jabke talab kam hone se dono kam hote hain. Rasd barhne se qeemat kam hoti hai lekin miqdar barhti hai, aur rasd kam hone se qeemat barhti hai lekin miqdar kam hoti hai. Is liye har tabdeeli ka asar samajhne ke liye dono curves ko dekhna zaroori hai. MCQs: 1. Tawazun ki qeemat par: (a) talab zyada hoti hai (b) rasd zyada hoti hai (c) talab rasd ke barabar hoti hai (d) koi khareed nahi hoti. 2. Qeemat zyada ho to hota hai: (a) kami (b) izafi stock (c) tawazun (d) kuch nahi. 3. Qeemat kam ho to hota hai: (a) izafi stock (b) kami (c) tawazun (d) band market. 4. Talab barhne se qeemat: (a) kam hoti hai (b) barhti hai (c) wohi rehti hai (d) khatam hoti hai. 5. Rasd barhne se qeemat: (a) barhti hai (b) kam hoti hai (c) wohi rehti hai (d) dogni hoti hai. Answer key: 1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 7: Qeemi Nizam

Tafseel: Qeemi nizam (price system) woh nizam hai jismein qeematein ishara (signal) ka kaam karti hain: qeemat barhne par paida karne wale zyada paidawar karte hain aur sarf kam khareedte hain, aur qeemat kam hone par is ka ulta hota hai. Is tarah qeematein wasail ko un jagahon par le jati hain jahan un ki zyada zaroorat hoti hai, aur kya, kaise aur kis ke liye paida karna hai, is ke faisle mein madad karti hain. Hukumat kabhi qeemat ki had muqarrar karti hai, masalan zyada se zyada qeemat ya kam se kam qeemat, jo market par asar dalti hai. Ahem points: qeemat aik signal hai; qeemat wasail ki taqseem mein madad karti hai; aazad market mein qeemat talab aur rasd se tay hoti hai; qeemat ki had se kami ya izafi ho sakta hai. Short questions: 1. Qeemi nizam kya hai? Jawab: Qeemi nizam woh nizam hai jismein qeematein khareedne walon aur bechne walon ko faislon ke liye ishara deti hain aur wasail ki taqseem mein madad karti hain. 2. Qeemat signal kaise deti hai? Jawab: Qeemat barhne par paida karne wale zyada dena chahte hain aur sarf kam lena chahte hain, is se market ko maloom hota hai ke kis cheez ki kitni zaroorat hai. 3. Qeemat wasail ki taqseem kaise karti hai? Jawab: Zyada qeemat wali cheez ki taraf wasail zyada jate hain, kyunke wahan munafa zyada hota hai, aur kam qeemat wali cheez se wasail hat jate hain. 4. Zyada se zyada qeemat (price ceiling) kya hai? Jawab: Hukumat ki muqarrar ki gayi sab se zyada qeemat hai, jis se zyada par cheez nahi bechi ja sakti, aur agar yeh tawazun se neeche ho to kami ho sakti hai. 5. Kam se kam qeemat (price floor) kya hai? Jawab: Hukumat ki muqarrar ki gayi sab se kam qeemat hai, jis se kam par cheez nahi bechi ja sakti, aur agar yeh tawazun se upar ho to izafi ho sakta hai. Long questions: 1. Qeemi nizam ke kaam tafseel se bayan karein. Jawab: Pehla kaam signal dena hai: qeemat batati hai ke kis cheez ki talab zyada hai. Doosra kaam targheeb dena hai: zyada qeemat paida karne walon ko zyada paidawar ki targheeb deti hai. Teesra kaam taqseem hai: wasail zyada faidamand jagah par jate hain. Chautha kaam tawazun hai: qeemat talab aur rasd ko barabar karne ki taraf le jati hai. Is tarah aik aazad market mein lakhon faisle qeemat ke zariye hum ahang ho jate hain. 2. Qeemat ki had ke asraat bayan karein. Jawab: Agar hukumat tawazun se neeche zyada se zyada qeemat lagaye to talab rasd se zyada ho jati hai aur kami aur lambi qatarein ban sakti hain. Agar hukumat tawazun se upar kam se kam qeemat lagaye to rasd talab se zyada ho jati hai aur izafi stock reh jata hai. Is liye qeemat ki had lagate waqt us ke asraat ko samajhna zaroori hai. MCQs: 1. Qeemi nizam mein qeemat ka kaam hai: (a) sirf munafa (b) signal aur taqseem (c) sirf tax (d) sirf ishtehar. 2. Qeemat barhne par paida karne wale: (a) kam dete hain (b) zyada dete hain (c) band ho jate hain (d) kuch nahi karte. 3. Price ceiling hoti hai: (a) sab se kam qeemat (b) sab se zyada qeemat (c) tawazun qeemat (d) koi qeemat nahi. 4. Price floor tawazun se upar ho to hota hai: (a) kami (b) izafi (c) tawazun (d) kuch nahi. 5. Aazad market mein qeemat tay hoti hai: (a) sirf hukumat se (b) talab aur rasd se (c) sirf ishtehar se (d) andaze se. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 8: Qaumi Aamdani

Tafseel: Qaumi aamdani (national income) aik mulk mein aik muqarrar waqt, aam tor par aik saal mein, paida hone wali tamam aakhri cheezon aur khidmat ki kul qeemat hai. Is se maloom hota hai ke mulk kitna ameer ya ghareeb hai, paidawar kitni barh rahi hai, aur logon ki ausat aamdani kya hai. Qaumi aamdani ko paidawar, aamdani ya kharch ke tareeqe se napaa ja sakta hai, aur is mein sirf aakhri cheezein shamil ki jati hain taake do baar ginti na ho. Ahem points: GDP mulk ke andar paidawar hai; GNP mein bahar se aamdani bhi shamil hoti hai; per capita income qaumi aamdani ko aabadi se taqseem karke milti hai; darmiyani cheezein do baar nahi gini jati hain. Short questions: 1. Qaumi aamdani kya hai? Jawab: Qaumi aamdani aik mulk mein aik saal mein paida hone wali tamam aakhri cheezon aur khidmat ki kul qeemat hai. 2. GDP kya hai? Jawab: GDP aik mulk ki sarhad ke andar aik muqarrar waqt mein paida hone wali aakhri cheezon aur khidmat ki kul qeemat hai. 3. Per capita income kaise nikalti hai? Jawab: Qaumi aamdani ko mulk ki kul aabadi se taqseem karke ausat aamdani maloom hoti hai. 4. Do baar ginti se kyun bacha jata hai? Jawab: Kyunke darmiyani cheez, masalan roti ke liye gehu, aakhri cheez ki qeemat mein pehle hi shamil hoti hai, dobara ginne se qaumi aamdani ghalat zyada ho jayegi. 5. Qaumi aamdani kyun ahem hai? Jawab: Is se taraqqi, rozgar, mehngai aur logon ke mayar e zindagi ka andaza hota hai aur hukumat ko policy banane mein madad milti hai. Long questions: 1. Qaumi aamdani napne ke tareeqe bayan karein. Jawab: Pehla tareeqa paidawar ka hai, jismein har shobe ki aakhri paidawar ki qeemat jama ki jati hai. Doosra tareeqa aamdani ka hai, jismein ujrat, munafa, karaya aur sood jama kiye jate hain. Teesra tareeqa kharch ka hai, jismein sarf, sarmayakari, hukumat ka kharch aur khalis baramadat jama kiye jate hain. Teenon tareeqe durust hon to taqreeban wohi natija dete hain. 2. Qaumi aamdani barhne ka matlab kya hai aur is ki hadood kya hain? Jawab: Qaumi aamdani barhne ka matlab hai ke paidawar aur rozgar barh rahe hain, lekin yeh akela mayar e zindagi ka poora andaza nahi deta. Is mein aamdani ki taqseem, mehngai, mahol aur ghair rasmi kaam shamil nahi hote, is liye is ke saath rozgar, taleem aur sehat ko bhi dekhna zaroori hai. MCQs: 1. Qaumi aamdani hai: (a) sirf hukumat ki aamdani (b) aik saal ki kul aakhri paidawar ki qeemat (c) sirf baramadat (d) sirf tax. 2. GDP napti hai: (a) sirf sheher ki paidawar (b) mulk ke andar paidawar (c) sirf kheti (d) sirf bank. 3. Per capita income hai: (a) kul aamdani (b) aamdani taqseem aabadi (c) sab se zyada aamdani (d) sab se kam aamdani. 4. Do baar ginti se bachne ke liye shamil karte hain: (a) darmiyani cheezein (b) sirf aakhri cheezein (c) purani cheezein (d) sab kuch. 5. Qaumi aamdani barhne se aam tor par: (a) rozgar kam hota hai (b) paidawar barhti hai (c) qeematein khatam hoti hain (d) kuch nahi hota. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 9: Rozgar

Tafseel: Rozgar (employment) ka matlab hai ke jo log kaam karne ke qabil aur tayyar hon, unhein munasib kaam mil jaye. Jab kaam karne ke qabil logon ko kaam na mile to berozgari hoti hai, jo ghar, khandan aur poori muashiyat par bura asar dalti hai. Rozgar barhane ke liye sarmayakari, naye karobar, hunar ki taleem aur hukumat ki taraqqiyati policy ahem hoti hai. Ahem points: mukammal rozgar ka matlab har aik ko kaam nahi, balke har kaam karne ke qabil ko kaam hai; berozgari ki sharah berozgar logon ko labour force se taqseem karke nikalti hai; sarmayakari rozgar barhati hai; hunar rozgar ke imkan barhata hai. Short questions: 1. Rozgar kya hai? Jawab: Rozgar ka matlab hai ke kaam karne ke qabil aur tayyar logon ko munasib kaam aur ujrat mil jaye. 2. Berozgari kya hai? Jawab: Berozgari woh halat hai jismein kaam karne ke qabil aur tayyar shakhs ko kaam na mile, chahe woh kaam dhoond raha ho. 3. Berozgari ki sharah kaise nikalti hai? Jawab: Berozgar logon ki tadad ko kul labour force se taqseem karke 100 se zarb di jati hai. 4. Sarmayakari rozgar kaise barhati hai? Jawab: Nayi factory, dukan ya project se naye kaam bante hain, is liye zyada logon ko rozgar milta hai. 5. Hunar ki taleem rozgar mein kyun madadgar hai? Jawab: Kyunke hunar mand logon ko market mein zyada talab hoti hai aur woh behtar ujrat par kaam haasil kar sakte hain. Long questions: 1. Berozgari ke asbaab aur asraat bayan karein. Jawab: Asbaab mein paidawar ki kami, sarmayakari ki kami, hunar ki kami, aabadi ka tez izafa aur technology ki tabdeeli shamil hain. Asraat mein aamdani ki kami, ghurbat, zehni dabao aur muashiyat ki paidawar ka nuqsan shamil hai. Is liye berozgari sirf aik shakhs ka masla nahi, balke poori muashiyat ka masla hai. 2. Rozgar barhane ke liye kya iqdamat zaroori hain? Jawab: Pehle sarmayakari aur naye karobar ki hosla afzai ki jaye, doosre hunar aur taleem par kharch barhaya jaye, teesre chhote karobar ko qarz aur sahulat di jaye, aur chauthe hukumat taraqqiyati mansubon se rozgar paida kare. In iqdamat se paidawar bhi barhti hai aur logon ki zindagi bhi behtar hoti hai. MCQs: 1. Rozgar ka matlab hai: (a) sirf sarkari naukri (b) qabil aur tayyar logon ko kaam milna (c) sirf karobar (d) sirf paisa. 2. Berozgari hoti hai jab: (a) log kaam na karna chahein (b) qabil logon ko kaam na mile (c) qeematein barhein (d) bank band ho. 3. Berozgari ki sharah nikalti hai: (a) berozgar taqseem labour force (b) aabadi taqseem berozgar (c) sirf andaza (d) qeemat se. 4. Sarmayakari se rozgar: (a) kam hota hai (b) barhta hai (c) khatam hota hai (d) nahi badalta. 5. Hunar ki taleem se: (a) rozgar kam hota hai (b) rozgar ke imkan barhte hain (c) kuch nahi hota (d) qeematein barhti hain. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-a, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 10: Tijarat

Tafseel: Tijarat (trade) ka matlab hai cheezon aur khidmat ki khareed o farokht, jo mulk ke andar bhi hoti hai aur doosre mulkon ke saath bhi. Androoni tijarat aik mulk ke andar hoti hai, jabke bain ul aqwami tijarat do ya zyada mulkon ke darmiyan hoti hai. Baramadat (exports) woh cheezein hain jo mulk bahar bhejta hai, aur daramadat (imports) woh cheezein hain jo mulk bahar se mangwata hai. Tijarat se har mulk woh cheez zyada paida kar sakta hai jismein woh behtar ho, aur doosri cheezein doosre mulkon se le sakta hai. Ahem points: tijarat se intikhab barhta hai; muqabla qeemat ko behtar karta hai; baramadat se ghair mulki aamdani milti hai; tijarati tawazun baramadat aur daramadat ka farq hai. Short questions: 1. Tijarat kya hai? Jawab: Tijarat cheezon aur khidmat ki khareed o farokht hai, jo mulk ke andar ya doosre mulkon ke saath ho sakti hai. 2. Baramadat kya hain? Jawab: Baramadat woh cheezein aur khidmat hain jo aik mulk doosre mulkon ko bechta hai. 3. Daramadat kya hain? Jawab: Daramadat woh cheezein aur khidmat hain jo aik mulk doosre mulkon se khareedta hai. 4. Tijarati tawazun kya hai? Jawab: Tijarati tawazun baramadat ki qeemat aur daramadat ki qeemat ka farq hai; baramadat zyada hon to tawazun musbat hota hai. 5. Bain ul aqwami tijarat kyun mufeed hai? Jawab: Kyunke har mulk apni behtareen paidawar par tawajjo de sakta hai aur doosri cheezein sasti aur behtar haasil kar sakta hai. Long questions: 1. Bain ul aqwami tijarat ke faide bayan karein. Jawab: Pehla faida yeh hai ke sarf ko zyada intikhab milta hai. Doosra, muqabla se qeemat aur mayar behtar hote hain. Teesra, har mulk apne wasail ka behtareen istemal kar sakta hai. Chautha, baramadat se rozgar aur ghair mulki aamdani barhti hai. Is liye tijarat taraqqi ka aik ahem zariya hai, lekin is ke liye munasib policy bhi zaroori hai. 2. Tijarati tawazun aur is ki ahmiyat samjhayein. Jawab: Agar baramadat daramadat se zyada hon to mulk ko ghair mulki aamdani zyada milti hai aur tawazun musbat kehlata hai. Agar daramadat zyada hon to tawazun manfi hota hai aur mulk ko zyada paisa bahar dena parta hai. Lambi muddat mein manfi tawazun qarz aur qeematon par dabao daal sakta hai, is liye baramadat barhana ahem hota hai. MCQs: 1. Tijarat ka matlab hai: (a) sirf dukan (b) cheezon aur khidmat ki khareed o farokht (c) sirf bank (d) sirf tax. 2. Baramadat hain: (a) bahar se mangwai cheezein (b) bahar bheji cheezein (c) sirf kheti (d) sirf khidmat. 3. Daramadat hain: (a) bahar bheji cheezein (b) bahar se mangwai cheezein (c) sirf sarmaya (d) sirf qarz. 4. Tijarati tawazun musbat hota hai jab: (a) daramadat zyada hon (b) baramadat zyada hon (c) dono barabar hon (d) koi tijarat na ho. 5. Tijarat se intikhab: (a) kam hota hai (b) barhta hai (c) khatam hota hai (d) nahi badalta. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Bab 11: Bank aur Maaliyat

Tafseel: Bank woh idara hai jo logon ki bachat jama karta hai, karobar aur logon ko qarz deta hai, aur paisa ki muntaqili aur mehfooz rakhne ki khidmat deta hai. Maaliyat (finance) ka matlab hai paisa ka intezam: kahan se paisa hasil karna hai aur kahan kharch ya sarmayakari karni hai. Markazi bank mulk ki maali policy aur qeematon ke istehkam ki nigrani karta hai, jabke tijarati bank rozmarra ki banking khidmat dete hain. Ahem points: bank bachat ko sarmayakari mein badalta hai; qarz par sood liya jata hai aur bachat par sood diya jata hai; markazi bank note jari karta hai; maaliyat mein budget, bachat aur sarmayakari shamil hain. Short questions: 1. Bank kya hai? Jawab: Bank woh idara hai jo bachat jama karta hai, qarz deta hai, aur paisa ki muntaqili aur mehfooz rakhne ki khidmat deta hai. 2. Maaliyat kya hai? Jawab: Maaliyat paisa hasil karne, us ka intezam karne aur behtareen jagah kharch ya sarmayakari karne ka ilm aur amal hai. 3. Markazi bank ka kaam kya hai? Jawab: Markazi bank note jari karta hai, tijarati bankon ki nigrani karta hai aur mulk ki maali policy ke zariye qeematon ke istehkam mein madad karta hai. 4. Bachat aur sarmayakari ka taluq kya hai? Jawab: Bachat woh paisa hai jo kharch nahi kiya gaya, aur jab yeh paisa karobar ya paidawar mein lagaya jaye to sarmayakari kehlata hai. 5. Bank qarz kyun deta hai? Jawab: Taake log ghar, taleem ya karobar ke liye paisa haasil kar sakein aur karobar barh sake, jis se rozgar aur paidawar barhti hai. Long questions: 1. Bank ke kaam tafseel se bayan karein. Jawab: Bank pehle logon ki bachat mehfooz jama karta hai aur us par sood deta hai. Doosre, woh jama shuda paisa qarz ke tor par karobar aur logon ko deta hai aur us par sood leta hai. Teesre, woh paisa ki muntaqili, cheque, card aur online adaigi ki khidmat deta hai. Is tarah bank bachat karne walon aur qarz lene walon ke darmiyan aik ahem pul ka kaam karta hai. 2. Maaliyat ki ahmiyat aur markazi bank ka kirdar bayan karein. Jawab: Maaliyat ke baghair na ghar chal sakta hai na karobar aur na hukumat. Behtareen maaliyat se paisa zaya nahi hota aur sarmayakari barhti hai. Markazi bank sood ki sharah aur paisa ki miqdar ko control karke mehngai ko rokne aur taraqqi ko barqarar rakhne mein madad karta hai. Is liye bank aur maaliyat poori muashiyat ki reedh ki haddi hain. MCQs: 1. Bank ka bunyadi kaam hai: (a) sirf note chhapna (b) bachat jama karna aur qarz dena (c) sirf tax lena (d) sirf tijarat. 2. Maaliyat ka matlab hai: (a) sirf paisa kharch karna (b) paisa ka intezam aur sarmayakari (c) sirf bachat (d) sirf qarz. 3. Markazi bank karta hai: (a) sirf dukan chalana (b) note jari aur maali nigrani (c) sirf karobar (d) sirf tax. 4. Bachat jab paidawar mein lag jaye to kehlati hai: (a) kharch (b) sarmayakari (c) qarz (d) tax. 5. Bank qarz dene se: (a) rozgar kam hota hai (b) karobar aur rozgar barhte hain (c) paisa khatam hota hai (d) kuch nahi hota. Answer key: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b.

Revision Checklist

Revision checklist: 1. Har chapter ki tareef apne lafzon mein likh kar yaad karein. 2. Har chapter ke 5 short questions ke jawab baghair dekhe likhein. 3. Har chapter ke 2 long questions ki tafseel dobara parhein. 4. Har chapter ke 5 MCQs khud hal karein aur answer key se check karein. 5. Talab aur rasd ke curves aur tawazun ki qeemat ka farq yaad rakhein. 6. Qaumi aamdani, rozgar, tijarat aur bank ke bunyadi faraq aik page par likhein. 7. Aakhri din mein sirf ahem points aur MCQs ki revision karein.

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